Maize

Weeds can be a major problem in maize crops, as they compete with the maize plants for nutrients, water, and sunlight. Major weeds in maize includes Echinochloa spp. (Barnyardgrass), Chenopodium album (Bathua), Cyperus rotundus (Motha), Phalaris minor (Gulli Danda), Amaranthus spp. (Amaranth), Commelina benghalensis (Tropical spiderwort), Convolvulus arvensis (Field bindweed), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Digera arvensis (Aerva), Dinebra retroflexa (Bristlegrass)

Maize is a crop that has specific nutritional requirements to grow and produce a good yield. Here are some of the essential nutrients required by maize: Nitrogen (N): Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients required by maize and is essential for plant growth and development. It is required for the formation of chlorophyll and protein synthesis. Phosphorus (P): Phosphorus is required for root development, seedling growth, and the formation of flowers and fruits. Potassium (K): Potassium is required for plant growth and development, water uptake, and the regulation of plant water balance. Along with this Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur and other micro nutrients is require for chlorophyll synthesis, plant growth and development, and the regulation of plant metabolism.

Stem borers are one of the most destructive pests that attack maize crops.Stem borers are larvae that feed on the stem of maize plants, which can weaken the plant and cause lodging (falling over). This can result in significant yield losses.

Shoot fly is a common pest that can affect maize crops. The most common species of shoot fly that attack maize crops are Atherigona soccata and Atherigona naqvii. Shoot fly is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, and it can cause significant damage to maize crops. Shoot fly larvae feed on the growing point of maize plants, which can lead to stunted growth, tillering, and reduced yields.

Maize leaf blight is a common foliar disease that can affect maize crops. Symptoms of leaf blight in maize include the appearance of small, water-soaked lesions on the leaves, which can expand and become necrotic (dead tissue). In severe cases, the lesions can merge together and cause significant defoliation, which can reduce yields.

Downy mildew is a foliar disease caused by the fungus Peronosclerospora sorghi and can affect maize crops. The fungus is spread by windborne spores and can cause significant damage to maize crops, especially in areas with high humidity and warm temperatures. Symptoms of downy mildew in maize include the appearance of yellowish-green streaks or patches on the leaves, which later turn brown and die. A white to grayish downy growth may also appear on the underside of leaves. Severe infections can lead to stunted growth and reduced yields.