Introduction and Significance

Wheat is the second most important cereal crop in India after rice, forming the cornerstone of food security, particularly in the northern and north-western parts of the country. As the primary Rabi (winter) crop, its cultivation dominates the agricultural landscape of states like Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh. The Green Revolution was largely centered on this crop, transforming India from a food-deficient to a self-sufficient nation. Its economic impact is colossal, underpinning the Public Distribution System (PDS) and ensuring stable food supply. The flour milled from wheat is the main ingredient for staples like roti, chapatti, and bread. Nutritionally, wheat is a major source of carbohydrates and plant-based protein, and whole wheat provides essential dietary fibre, B vitamins, and minerals.

Wheat farmers, despite the crop's stability, face a number of evolving challenges. Climate change poses a significant threat, particularly through 'terminal heat'—a sudden rise in temperature during the grain-filling stage in March—which can shrivel the grain and reduce yields. Water scarcity is an emerging issue, as wheat cultivation in the Rabi season relies heavily on irrigation from reservoirs and groundwater, which are under increasing stress. The crop is perennially threatened by rust diseases (yellow, brown, and black rust) and fungal blights, necessitating the continuous development of resistant varieties. While the MSP provides a safety net, rising costs of fertilizers, diesel, and machinery often squeeze profit margins. Furthermore, the issue of weed management, especially against herbicide-resistant weeds like Phalaris minor, remains a persistent and costly problem for farmers.