Introduction and Significance

Onion is one of India's most politically and economically sensitive vegetable crops, a fundamental ingredient in almost every Indian household. It is cultivated across India, with Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh being the dominant producing states, enabling year-round availability. The economic importance of onion is substantial, not only as a cash crop for millions of farmers but also as a significant export commodity, especially the rose onion variety. Its price and availability often become matters of national debate, reflecting its deep integration into the daily life and budget of the common person. Nutritionally, onions offer more than just flavor; they are a good source of Vitamin C, B vitamins, and potassium, and contain antioxidants like quercetin, which are linked to various health benefits.

Onion farming is synonymous with extreme price volatility, which is the single greatest challenge for growers. A slight surplus in production can trigger a dramatic price collapse, while a minor shortfall can lead to skyrocketing prices, creating a highly unpredictable and unstable income environment. This is worsened by the crop's semi-perishable nature and a severe shortage of scientific storage facilities, particularly warehouses that can prevent sprouting and rotting. Farmers are often forced into distress sales immediately after harvest when prices are at their lowest. The crop is also susceptible to fungal diseases like purple blotch and downy mildew, and pests like thrips, which require careful and costly management. Unseasonal rains during the harvesting or curing stage can ruin the quality of the bulb, rendering it unmarketable.