Introduction and Significance

Groundnut, also known as peanut, is among India’s premier oilseed crops, valued for both its seeds and the high-quality edible oil they yield. It is predominantly a Kharif crop, cultivated largely under rain-fed conditions in states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh. Gujarat, in particular, is a dominant force in its production. Economically, groundnut is a crucial source of income for small and marginal farmers in arid and semi-arid regions. It supports a significant oil extraction industry and its by-product, the groundnut cake, is a protein-rich ingredient for animal and poultry feed. Nutritionally, groundnuts are a powerhouse, packed with protein, healthy monounsaturated fats, vitamins like niacin and folate, and essential minerals, making them a vital component of Indian diets, consumed roasted, boiled, or as oil.

Indian groundnut farmers grapple with a number of production and market-related constraints. Being a predominantly rain-fed crop, its yield is highly susceptible to the timing and intensity of monsoon rains, with droughts often leading to crop failure. The crop is also vulnerable to a range of pests, including the leaf miner and white grub, and diseases like tikka leaf spot and collar rot, which can drastically reduce productivity. A significant post-harvest challenge is the risk of Aflatoxin contamination, a toxic compound produced by certain molds, which can render the entire produce unfit for consumption and export. Furthermore, farmers face stiff price competition from cheaper imported edible oils like palm and soy oil, which suppresses domestic groundnut prices and affects their profitability, making cultivation a financially precarious venture.